Asia Pacific Bulletin - Japan's 'electoral revolution'

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Abstract

The Japanese general election was revolutionary: it brought to power for the first time since the end of World War II a majority government not led by the Liberal Democratic Party and it saw the final transition to a two-party system brought about by the introduction of single-member electorates 15 years ago. Like any revolution, it will be some time before it is clear if the pressures of real power will allow the new Democratic Party government to bring about promised change.

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Opposition Seeks Shift in Power as Iraqi Kurds Vote; High Turnout Reported

By Anthony Shadid
Washington Post Foreign Service
Sunday, July 26, 2009

SULAYMANIYAH, Iraq, July 25 -- An opposition party promising to break the grip of the two ruling parties in northern Iraq's autonomous Kurdish region made a surprisingly strong showing in elections Saturday that appeared certain to shift the region's political arithmetic, opposition and government officials said.

Officials stressed that the results were preliminary and that a more accurate picture might not emerge until Sunday or later. Final results, to be announced in Baghdad, could take a week. But as early returns came in late Saturday, dramatically different moods descended over the opposing camps' headquarters.

Opposition officials said they were outpolling the ruling parties 2 to 1 in some parts of the crucial battlefield of Sulaymaniyah. Government and opposition officials said the opposition also did unexpectedly well in the other key province of Irbil.

"Early results from some of the locations in Sulaymaniyah and some in Irbil are not good," said Barham Salih, a veteran politician who was the ruling parties' candidate for prime minister of the Kurdish region. "It's anxious moments. We will see."

Overall, Salih said, the early results were "surprising."

Voters were choosing a president and a 111-member parliament for the Kurdish region, which has a remarkable degree of independence from Baghdad and is widely seen as a success story in an otherwise turbulent country. Polls were kept open an extra hour across the region's three provinces, and the electoral commission, citing preliminary figures at a news conference in Irbil, said turnout was 78.5 percent.

More than 500 candidates were running for parliamentary seats. Massoud Barzani, the incumbent president and head of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, one of the two parties that have ruled the region for a generation, faced five challengers. In parliament, Barzani's list of candidates had agreed on a joint slate with the other ruling party, the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, led by Iraqi President Jalal Talabani.

Hardly anyone here Saturday expected Barzani to lose the presidency, and the joint list still seemed likely to capture a majority in parliament. But it faced a spirited challenge by dissidents from Talabani's party running as the Change List, particularly in Sulaymaniyah. Many observers were watching how many seats Change won as a barometer of the ruling parties' staying power and the discontent they must now reckon with. More than 15 seats would be considered a victory for the opposition, analysts and officials said.

Late Saturday, the challengers appeared to be polling far better than that, in what was shaping up as a protest vote that crossed lines of class, party and clan.

"It will certainly change the political landscape in Kurdistan," said Hiwa Osman, an editor and former spokesman for Talabani. "However many seats Change gets, Kurdish politics have changed. It heralds a new era that's going to dictate its own logic."

Nosherwan Mustafa, a founder of Talabani's party and now the head of the Change List, added: "We don't want to change just the faces and the persons. We want to change the political system. We want to separate the political parties from public life."

The two parties have run the Kurdish region since former president Saddam Hussein withdrew Iraqi troops after the 1991 Persian Gulf War and a Kurdish uprising. They fought a bloody civil war in the decade that followed, reconciled and have ruled the region jointly since the U.S.-led invasion of 2003, despite lingering tensions.

Over those years, the parties hewed to a formula that exchanged political plurality for stability, bringing prosperity to the Kurdish region and turning Irbil, its capital, into a Middle Eastern boomtown. Success, though, came at a cost. Under a relentless sun Saturday, many voters accused the parties of an almost complete lack of accountability in the control they exerted over most aspects of life, from appointments to lowly government jobs to multibillion-dollar deals.

Corruption was rife, they said, and jobs were few.

The disenchantment has overshadowed the growing battle with the federal government in Baghdad over the disputed boundaries between Kurdish and Arab Iraq and a law on sharing oil revenue and management of the country's sprawling reserves.

"I want a better life," Shwan Khalid, a 60-year-old voting in Irbil, said simply.

Within the parties, there were signs of a growing sense that, even with an electoral victory Saturday, they must make their rule more transparent.

"This is truly a new phase in Kurdish politics," Salih said, as he left the polling station. "It shows that Kurdish politicians can no longer take their voters for granted."

Ruling Kurdish Parties Face Electoral Challenge From New Opposition Bloc

By Anthony Shadid
Washington Post Foreign Service
Saturday, July 25, 2009

SULAYMANIYAH, Iraq -- It is election season in Iraq's Kurdish region, and the campaigning here was perhaps most remarkable for how ordinary it seemed.

Barham Salih, a veteran politician and candidate for the region's prime minister, jostled through the crowd. Whistles of his admirers pierced through blaring songs. Campaign posters offered generic pledges: "What we promise, we deliver." "It even involves kissing babies," Salih shouted, amid a gaggle of girls singing, "The flag of freedom is the flag of Kurdistan." "Kurdish politics have evolved," he added.

They have evolved, but possibly not in the way Salih was hoping. Voters in the autonomous Kurdish region of northern Iraq go to the polls Saturday to elect their president and 111-seat parliament. And the election may redraw the political map here. For the first time in a generation, the two ruling Kurdish parties face a real opposition, one that is emerging from within their ranks and is determined to hold the parties accountable.

Its success could mean the undoing of a formula that has made the Kurdish region an example of prosperity to the rest of a turbulent country: the exchange of plurality for stability.

Muhammad Tofiq calls it "a turning point."

A former leader of one of the parties, the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, the chain-smoking Tofiq is a candidate on the dissident list, known as Change. "Everybody needs change, and everybody feels they need to change the situation. If we don't change the system, then I think the system will collapse."

More than 500 candidates are running for parliament. Massoud Barzani, the incumbent president and head of the other ruling party, the Kurdish Democratic Party, faces five challengers. But the real tension is between Tofiq's Change list and the two ruling parties, which have agreed on a joint slate for the elections.

No one expects the ruling parties to lose their majority. In fact, the real contest may be largely in Sulaymaniyah, where the Patriotic Union, along with its dissidents, draws its greatest support. But many will be watching how many seats the Change list wins, as a barometer of the ruling parties' staying power and the discontent they must reckon with. More than 15 seats would be considered a victory for the opposition, analysts said.

"Every day they are getting more popularity," said Asos Hardi, a columnist and newspaper editor. "They're the big surprise of the election."

Politics is intimate here, with larger-than-life personalities. Tofiq and the Change list's founder, Nosherwan Mustafa, were longtime confidants and lieutenants of Jalal Talabani, the Iraqi president and head of the Patriotic Union. At least six other Talabani colleagues have joined their defection.

Still, candidates of the Change list don't seem to differ all that much from the ruling parties in matters of high politics. Both sides endorse a secular Kurdish nationalism that has driven the movement since the days of Barzani's father, the legendary guerrilla leader Mullah Mustafa Barzani. But the burgeoning issues that are proving so dangerous to Iraq's stability -- a fight over a hydrocarbon law to share revenue and manage Iraq's sprawling reserves and negotiations over a disputed border between Kurdish and Arab Iraq -- seem peripheral in this contest. Although Change leaders urge negotiations with Baghdad, they focus more on domestic issues, namely the style of the two ruling parties. "Power corrupts," said Tofiq, who left the Patriotic Union in December 2006.

Even with the prosperity here, many seem disenchanted with entrenched corruption. Complaints are rife about unemployment, poor schools, a lack of housing, shortages of electricity and water, nepotism and the parties' interference in nearly all aspects of life.

"I want to change the dictatorship in my country," said Fareed Saeed, a 25-year-old supporter of the Change list, who gathered with friends in a noisy demonstration of support on a recent night in Sulaymaniyah. Under the watchful eye of police, cars festooned with Change banners blared horns as they careened through streets.

"If they don't respect us, there will be a problem," added a friend, Soran Ali.

Even in Irbil, the freewheeling Kurdish capital whose boom has come to represent the success of Kurdish policies, not everyone is content. "There are people in parliament who shouldn't be in parliament," said Halgurd Abbas, selling honeycombs near Irbil's historic citadel. "They're not serving the people."

Opposition figures seem convinced that the ruling parties will resort to fraud, and even government supporters say some vote rigging is possible.

If it is widespread, some opposition officials have threatened to unleash protests like those that recently shook Iran. But few think the ruling parties need to rig a vote that will almost assuredly deliver them a comfortable majority. As they point out, many of the Change leaders are architects of the system they now denounce -- an irony not lost on many voters. The parties also have the power of incumbency, drawing on their record in delivering Kurds from Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein's repression to stability.

"It's true, there's discontent," Farhad Alaaldin, a businessman and supporter of the ruling parties, said as Salih shook hands and worked the crowd. Behind him fluttered banners for the parties' slate, the Kurdistan List. "But when it comes down to it," Alaaldin added, "the Kurdistan List has the most practical program to carry the country forward."

To Hardi, the editor, the contest is simply a modest first step.

"Democracy without challenge, without competition is nothing," he said. "I'm not saying the Change list is going to make Kurdistan a paradise. But I am talking about the real condition of democracy -- that is opposition, real opposition."