Tempo - Cilangkap Metamorphosis

REFORMS marginalized the military that was dominant during the New Order era. The climax took place 10 years ago when TNI Commander in Chief, Admiral Widodo A.S., affirmed the military’s willingness to abandon politics. Thereafter, various reforms of the military institutions have been carried out.

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Governance
During the New Order, military personnel on active duty were appointed as cabinet ministers. Only during the Habibie days were ministers from the military given two options: retire from the military to remain a member of the cabinet or return to their units. Here is the number of ministers from the military.

Development Cabinet I: 8 (all on active duty)
Development Cabinet II: 6 (all on active duty)
Development Cabinet III: 15 (14 active + 1 retiree)
Development Cabinet IV: 17 (4 active + 13 retirees)
Development Cabinet V: 14 (4 active + 10 retirees)
Development Cabinet VI: 10 (4 active + 6 retirees)

During the New Order, at least 83 people from the military were appointed governors.

Pelita I (1969-1974)
19 persons
Among others West Java Governor Solihin G.P. and Jakarta Governor Ali Sadikin

Pelita II (1974-1979)
20 persons
Among others Jakarta Governor H Tjokropranolo and Bali Governor Soekarmen

Pelita III (1979-1983)
16 persons
Among others West Java Governor Aang Kunaefi Kartawiria and Central Java Governor Supardjo Rustam

Pelita IV (1983-1988)
14 persons
Among others Central Java Governor Muhammad Ismail and East Java Governor Wahono

Pelita V (1988-1993)
12 persons
Among others East Java Governor Soelarso, Central Java Governor Muhammad Ismail, and West Java Governor Yogi S. Memed

Pelita VI (1993-1998)
Among others Jakarta Governor Soerjadi Soedirdja and Sutiyoso

DPR
The number of “free” seats for the military in the DPR was slashed following the reforms. The breakdown:

1960: 35 seats from 283 seats in the DPR-GR
1966: 36 seats from 283 seats in the DPR-GR
1966: 39 seats (16%) from 242 seats in the DPR-GR
1967: 43 seats (12%) from 350 seats in the DPR-GR
1968: 75 seats (16%) from 460 DPR seats
1972: 75 seats (16%) from 460 DPR seats, 155 in the MPR
1977: 75 seats (16%) from 460 DPR seats, 155 in the MPR
1982: 75 seats (16%) from 460 DPR seats, 155 in the MPR
1987: 100 seats (20%) from 500 DPR seats, 51 in the MPR
1992: 100 seats (20%) from 500 DPR seats, 50 in the MPR
1997: 75 seats (15%) from 500 DPR seats, 38 in the MPR
1999: 38 seats (7%) from 500 DPR seats, 14 in the MPR

The Nature of Palace-Cilangkap Relations

Four presidents after Suharto took different policies toward the military. Radical changes were made during the administration of Abdurrahman Wahid who was in power for only one and a half years.

HABIBIE ADMINISTRATION
He made the initial policy to separate the military from the police. The Armed Forces of the Republic of Indonesia (ABRI) is changed into the Indonesian Military (TNI). The military also severed organizational ties with Golkar and affirmed neutrality during the 1999 General Elections.

ABDURRAHMAN WAHID ADMINISTRATION
He separated the post of Defense Minister from ABRI Commander’s post and appointed civilian academic Juwono Sudarsono as Defense Minister. He carried out the separation of the National Police from the TNI.

During the Abdurrahman Wahid administration the Coordinating Agency to Support the Strengthening of National Stability (Bakorstanas) and the Special Research Institute (Litsus) are abolished. The army domination over the TNI Commander post is abolished by appointing Admiral Widodo A.S.

MEGAWATI SOEKARNOPUTRI ADMINISTRATION
She had no clear direction in putting the military in order, as seen from, among other things, the appointment of Matori Abdul Djalil who was not capable of becoming the Defense Minister. The post was left vacant for a long time after Matori suffered a stroke. The military had considerable influence over Megawati’s decision-making process, especially in attempts to solve the Aceh conflict.

SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO ADMINISTRATION
There have been no radical changes in matters of reorganizing the military. Attempts to settle the TNI business issues have not been finalized either.

1999

1. Cilangkap expresses the New Paradigms on TNI’s Sociopolitical Roles:
   • Changing its position and methods; the military should not necessarily be at the forefront at all times
   • Changing its concept from occupying into influencing
   • Changing the direct influencing method into indirect influencing method
   • Willing to act together when making important state and government decision-making efforts
2. Abolishment of Central and Regional Sociopolitical Council
3. Changing the Sociopolitical Staff into Territorial Staff. Chief of Sociopolitical Staff is changed into Chief of Territorial Staff
4. Liquidating ABRI Functionalism Staff, ABRI Community Security and Order, and ABRI Functionalism Development Board
5. Abolishing ABRI Functionalism through retirement decision or change in status
   • Assignment of soldiers outside their structural or functional positions in the Defense and Security Department/ABRI shall be designated as a change in status into civilian civil servants or retirees
   • For soldier assignment outside the above, the status of active-duty soldier shall be given only to legislative positions, military secretary to the RI President and staff, RI Defense Attaché and staff, as well as aides to the president and vice president
6. Severance of organizational ties with Golkar and keeping the same distance with all the existing political parties
7. TNI commitment and neutrality consistency during the general elections

2000
Separation of the National Police from the Armed Forces, and ABRI becomes TNI by virtue of President Abdurrahman Wahid’s Decree No. 89/2000

2004

Abolishing TNI/National Police factions in the House of Representatives (DPR)

Commitment to terminate military business activities: within five years, the government should take over all the business activities directly and indirectly owned and managed by the TNI