Jun 14, 2010

CQ Behind the Lines

The Seal of the United States Federal Bureau o...Image via Wikipedia

Behind the Lines for Monday, June 14, 2010 — 3 P.M.
By David C. Morrison, Special to Congressional Quarterly
Cradle of terrorism: "While New York has long been militant Islamist terror's No. 1 target, it has also increasingly become the main U.S. source of the challenge" . . . The road to hell: U.S. humanitarian aid to Gaza Palestinians "could be one of the most serious breaches of U.S. terror law that we've seen since 9/11" . . . This week's alert: A booming market in counterfeit botox "could put a deadly biological weapons agent in the wrong hands." These and other stories lead today's homeland security coverage.
---------------------------------

“While New York has long been militant Islamist terror’s No. 1 target, it has also increasingly become the main U.S. source of the challenge,’” Judith Miller judges in a FOX News take on a Big Apple seemingly ridden with homegrown terrorists — and see her City Journal essay on “New Yorkistan.” A Swedish woman says one of two would-be New Jersey jihadists was on his way to Egypt to marry her and study Arabic, not kill Americans, The Bergen County Record’s Nick Clunn recounts. “Feel like a loser? Never cool at school? Not much luck with women? Become a jihadist!” New York Daily News columnist Michael Daly leads in re: the evolution of these two latest would-be terrorists. The FBI launched a “secret, tightly run operation of military precision” targeting the pair back in October 2006, a Newark Star-Ledger team backgrounds.

Feds: President Obama’s proposed $400 million in humanitarian aid for Gaza Palestinians “could be one of the most serious breaches of U.S. terror law that we’ve seen since 9/11,” FOXBusinessDavid Asman denounces. Confirmation hearings for nominated director of national intelligence James R. Clapper Jr. “are likely to focus as much on the powers of the office as on its next occupant,” The Washington Post’s Walter Pincus analyzes. A House-proposed WMD Prevention and Preparedness Act would require DHS and other agencies to develop enhanced security rules for researching deadly bio-agents, Global Security Newswire’s Martin Matishak mentions — as The Wall Street Journal’s Peggy Noonan decries federal unreadiness “to ensure public safety and security in the event of a WMD incident.”

Homies: DHS’s Coast Guard on Friday “issued a request from vendors, scientists, government laboratories and nonprofits for ideas on how to stop, contain and clean up” the disastrous Gulf oil spill, Government Executive’s Robert Brodsky reports — as the Los Angeles TimesRichard Simon sees the Coasties also ordering BP to plug the damned leak already. FBI deputy John Pistole impressed Senate Commerce solons in the first of two confirmation hearings in his bid to fill the long-vacant TSA chief’s chair, Homeland Security Today’s Mickey McCarter handicaps. Salon’s Alex Pareene, meanwhile, slags Mark Krikorian’s halfhearted retraction of a mistaken National Review posting saying the allegedly euphemism happy Obama administration would be revamping ICE into the “Homeland Security Investigations” agency.

Seal of the United States Department of Homela...Image via Wikipedia

State and local: Gov. M. Jodi Rell has tapped the onetime head of Connecticut’s homeland agency to serve as acting Public Safety commissioner for the balance of her term, The Hartford Courant recounts — as The Lubbock Avalanche-Journal sees Texas’ Department of Public Safety tapping an interim chief for its Division of Emergency Management. The Columbus (Ga.) Office of Homeland Security is fielding a new bomb robot, a Mark 3 Caliber, the second such to join the department on DHS’s dollar, WRBL 3 News notes — while The Muncie Free Press reflects the Indiana National Guard’s pride at receiving “additional personnel and equipment to focus on a critical homeland security mission,” responding to WMD attacks.

Know nukes: A federal lab in Nevada “would gather some of the first critical information that could affect the lives of millions in the aftermath of a nuclear terrorist attack in an American city,” The Associated Press recently spotlighted. “House homeland overseers agree with a commission’s prediction that by 2013 terrorists will launch an attack somewhere in the world using a weapon of mass destruction,” Cybercast News Service notes — as Agence France-Presse quotes a Pentagon official’s admission that “the thing that keeps me awake at night is a nexus between terrorism and massive destruction,” and Reuters hears Iran’s nuclear chief promising construction of a new uranium enrichment plant just days after U.N. approval of new sanctions. A squadron responsible for maintaining some 2,000 nuclear weapons at a New Mexico base has been recertified after failing an inspection in January, The Air Force Times relays.

Bugs ‘n bombs: According to Scientific American, a booming market in counterfeit botox for cosmetics treatments “could put a deadly biological weapons agent in the wrong hands,” The New York Times passes along. “Why do we get so exercised when nearly 3,000 Americans die on 9/11, but remain relatively indifferent to the nearly 40,000 Americans who die every year in traffic accidents?” a Foreign Policy posting ponders. “Seventy years ago, Japan’s bio-attacks killed hundreds of thousands. The effects linger today,” City Journal, once more, spotlights. Across the pond, two Liverpool streets were cordoned off for four hours after a passerby found a shoebox-sized package with “anthrax” written on the side, the Echo informs — while AFP has Canadian authorities late last week ruling out terrorism in a mysterious massive purchase of explosive ammonium nitrate fertilizer.

Close air support: Officials tell the Journal-Constitution that more lenient screening procedures for airline employees at Atlanta’s airport enabled a Delta attendant to carry a gun aboard the first leg of a round-trip flight to Indianapolis. “TSA has 80 body scanners in use at U.S. airports and hopes to jump to 450 by the end of the year. The peek-a-boo rollout is well under way,” The Wall Street Journal leads — while aviation security experts alert the L.A. Times that the machines may miss items that metal detectors catch. The Christmas day bomber passed through trace screening apparently because he never actually touched his explosives, FOX News learns. Passengers had to endure delays at Melbourne Airport’s Qantas domestic terminal after a security breach forced authorities to evacuate the area, The Herald Sun says — as The Times of India sees New Delhi’s air hub evolving a new system by which security response to any threat will be managed by a single agency.

Seal of the White House Office of Homeland Sec...Image via Wikipedia

Border wars: Arizona’s hard-hitting immigration law is driving Hispanics out of the state weeks before the measure goes into effect, The Christian Science Monitor leads. The state’s governor is responding to calls for more cell phone towers in border stretches where a rancher was recently murdered by an illegal border crosser, Tucson’s KGUN 9 News notes. Border experts complain that current U.S. policy inadequately deters drug trafficking while pushing would-be immigrants into the arms of criminals, The McAllen (Texas) Monitor mentions — as The Yuma (Ariz.) Sun adjures that “proper staffing and security measures at our ports of entry, including those here in our area, are critical.”

Courts and rights: Unannounced checkpoints, random street closings and police choppers will safeguard the trial opening today of four men accused of plotting to bomb Bronx synagogues, The Poughkeepsie Journal curtain-raises. A federal judge has delayed trial for seven North Carolina terror suspects by nearly a year to give lawyers more time to review more than 750 hours of recordings and 30,000 pages of documents, The Raleigh News & Observer notes. Access given to Indian investigators to question a Chicago man accused in the 2008 Mumbai massacre is “historic in the nature of security cooperation,” The Washington Times quotes the U.S. ambassador to India.

Over there: An ex-senior Afghan Talibanite says Pakistani security forces are harboring its leader, Mullah Omar, in Karachi, Iran’s Press TV relays — while the L.A. Times learns that Pakistani intel not only funds and trains Taliban insurgents, but also maintains representation on their leadership council, and Newsweek questions the strategic wisdom of the CIA’s gunning for Omar as a bin-Laden-esque “high-value target.” In a bid to spur possible reconciliation, meanwhile, the U.N. is hastening efforts to remove certain Taliban leaders from an international terrorist blacklist, The New York Times tells. Russia’s announcement last week of the arrest of militant chief Ali Taziyev could be a devastating blow to the insurgency in the North Caucasus, Foreign Policy, again, posits. At least nine civilians and officers were killed after a suicide bomber drove a truck into the barracks of an elite Algerian police unit, Al Jazeera relates.

Qaeda Qorner: The Russian secret service “has no information confirming” that Osama bin Laden is dead, The Moscow News notes — while The St. Petersburg (Fla.) Times sees cops arresting a transient claiming to be “bin Laden’s right hand man,” and Britain’s Daily Mail profiles the surrogate mom supposedly gestating the terror icon’s grandchild.Young Brit Muslims, meantime, are being groomed by al Qaeda for a Mumbai-style attack on U.K. targets, NDTV quotes the MI5 agency. “Combating the increasing threat of al-Qaeda-in-the-Arabian-Peninsula, the 42 women in Yemen’s elite counterterrorism unit do all the jobs that the men do,” The Christian Science Monitor spotlights — while The Yemen Post hears the government in Sana’a accusing al Qaeda of blowing up an oil pipeline Saturday. An Aussie woman detained last month in an investigation into al Qaeda activity in Yemen flew home with her two children on Saturday, The Australian informs.

Taking a new look: “In an attempt to convince an anxious populace that his legislative agenda is working and that everything is going to be all right, President Obama embarked on a 50-state, 30,000-town tour Monday during which he plans to gaze assuredly into the eyes of each American citizen, one at a time,” The Onion reports. “ ‘I know a lot of people out there are nervous. They’re worried about unemployment, the oil spill in the Gulf, and whether or not I am making the right choices in Washington,’ Obama said during a rally at Rockland District High School. ‘To those Americans, I offer you this inspiring, confident gaze.’ Obama then stepped down from his podium, walked into the 2,000-person audience, and peered comfortingly into each person’s eyes. After taking 45 minutes to methodically work his way from the front row all the way to the balcony, and punctuating each look with a gentle pat on the shoulder, Obama returned to the stage, collected himself, and addressed the silent group before him. ‘There,’ he said. ‘All better.’”

Source: CQ Homeland Security
Enhanced by Zemanta

Trafficking in Persons Report 2009

Trafficking in Persons Report 2009

Date: 06/16/2009 Description:  Trafficking In Persons Report 2009 cover. © State Dept Image

Secretary Clinton (June 16, 2009): "The ninth annual Trafficking in Persons Report sheds light on the faces of modern-day slavery and on new facets of this global problem. The human trafficking phenomenon affects virtually every country, including the United States. In acknowledging America’s own struggle with modern-day slavery and slavery-related practices, we offer partnership. We call on every government to join us in working to build consensus and leverage resources to eliminate all forms of human trafficking." -Full Text

Date: 06/16/2009 Description: Secretary  Clinton holds copies of the 2009 Trafficking in Persons Report and the  Attorney General's Annual Report to Congress and Assessment of U.S.  Government Activities to Combat Trafficking in Persons as she gives  remarks at the release of the report. © State Dept Image-Secretary's Op-Ed: Partnering Against Trafficking
-Ambassador CdeBaca's Remarks and Foreign Press Center Briefing
-Fact Sheet: Trafficking in Persons: Coercion in a Time of Economic Crisis
-Photo Gallery from the Report release.

The Report
The report is available in HTML format (below) and in PDF format as a single file [PDF: 22 MBGet Adobe Acrobat Reader]. Due to its large size, the PDF has been separated into sections for easier download: Introduction; Country Narratives: A-C, D-K, L-P, Q-Z/Special Cases; Relevant International Conventions. To view the PDF file, you will need to download, at no cost, the Adobe Acrobat Reader.

-Letter from Secretary
-Letter from Ambassador Luis CdeBaca
-Introduction
-Major Forms of Trafficking in Persons
-The Three P's: Punishment, Protection, Prevention
-Financial Crisis and Human Trafficking
-Topics of Special Interest
-Victims' Stories
-Global Law Enforcement Data
-Commendable Intiatives Around the World
-2009 TIP Report Heroes
-Tier Placements
-Maps
-U.S. Government Domestic Anti-Trafficking Efforts
-Country Narratives
-Country Narratives -- Countries A Through C
-Country Narratives -- Countries D Through K
-Country Narratives -- Countries L Through P
-Country Narratives -- Countries Q Through Z
-Special Cases
-Relevant International Conventions
-Trafficking Victims Protection Act: Minimum Standards for the Elimination of Trafficking in Persons
-Stopping Human Trafficking, Sexual Exploitation, and Abuse by International Peacekeepers
-Glossary of Acronyms
-PDF Version: Trafficking in Persons Report, June 2009 [22488 Kb]
-Introduction (PDF) [5492 Kb]
-Country Narratives: A-C (PDF) [4074 Kb]
-Country Narratives: D-K (PDF) [3889 Kb]
-Country Narratives: L-P (PDF) [4036 Kb]
-Country Narratives: Q-Z and Special Cases (PDF) [4012 Kb]
-Relevant International Conventions (PDF) [991 Kb]

Enhanced by Zemanta

Burma Tweets June 14, 2010

An enlargeable map of the BurmaImage via Wikipedia


  1. JohnAMacDougall JohnAMacDougall #Arakanese allege bias at #UNHCR #Malaysia #refugee office: http://bit.ly/bYWOSG via @addthis #detainees #burma
  2. JohnAMacDougall JohnAMacDougall #Ranong #migrant #nationality #check centre unveiled: http://bit.ly/cqnkGA via @addthis #burma #thailand #mon
  3. JohnAMacDougall JohnAMacDougall #Suu #Kyi ‘happy with party unity’: http://bit.ly/dAkPDS via @addthis #nld #burma
  4. JohnAMacDougall JohnAMacDougall Sons of top generals handed #fuel #station #permits: http://bit.ly/b9xAiE via @addthis #burma #crony #companies #corruption
  5. JohnAMacDougall JohnAMacDougall White Gold Rush: http://bit.ly/c9exUB via @addthis #china #yunnan #northern #burma #rubber #concessions #wa #kachin
  6. JohnAMacDougall JohnAMacDougall #Caste Out: http://bit.ly/doi1Y9 via @addthis #india #burma #refugees #chin #poverty #discrimination
  7. JohnAMacDougall Joh

    numerounoImage by deepchi1 via Flickr

    nAMacDougall The Emperor Looks to The Future: http://bit.ly/bN3BIG via @addthis #burma #than #shwe #tatmadaw #internal #divisions #power #preservation
  8. JohnAMacDougall JohnAMacDougall The Struggle Goes on: http://bit.ly/9LzTxG via @addthis #burma #nld #tin #oo #interview #future
  9. JohnAMacDougall JohnAMacDougall The Snake Sheds Its Skin: http://bit.ly/bBIIjS via @addthis #burma #tatmadaw #military #rule #strategy
  10. JohnAMacDougall JohnAMacDougall Regime ‘Destroying #Economy’ Ahead of Elections: http://bit.ly/ahitvP via @addthis #burma #research #reports
  11. JohnAMacDougall JohnAMacDougall Police Question Missile Expert Defector's Family: http://bit.ly/cAnwRx via @addthis #burma #nuclear #weapons #interrogations
  12. JohnAMacDougall JohnAMacDougall Pressure Off #Ceasefire Groups for Now: http://bit.ly/c6wTk3 via @addthis #burma #kio #uwsa #china #border

Enhanced by Zemanta

Belgian Vote Widens Divide Between Flemish- and French-Speaking Regions

Francois Lenoir/Reuters

Bart de Wever's Flemish nationalist party won the most parliamentary seats, putting Belgian unity at risk.

BRUSSELS — The move to break up Belgium gathered pace on Sunday as a separatist won an emphatic election victory in Flanders, the more prosperous Dutch-speaking region of the divided nation.

A stunning electoral success for Bart de Wever’s Flemish nationalist party, which won the most parliamentary seats, is a significant new challenge to the fragile unity of a federal country where tensions between French and Dutch speakers run deep, and where voters in one region cannot vote for parties in the other.

It has also injected a new element of uncertainty into Europe at an especially difficult time for the European Union, struggling with serious problems over its finances and currency.

Belgium is due to assume the rotating presidency of the European Union in less than three weeks. But it is likely to take months to negotiate a new coalition, raising the prospect that Belgium will be struggling to assemble its own government at precisely the time it is supposed to be steering Europe out of a deep crisis.

In 2007, after the last general election, it took the Belgians roughly nine months to form a coalition government, a measure of the centrifugal forces threatening to destroy the already-loose federal state, or to make it even less relevant than it is today.

“We are close to the abyss,” said Lieven de Winter, professor of politics at the Université Catholique de Louvain. “Whether we are five meters or five centimeters away is difficult to say. But Belgians are at a crossroads where they are making a choice on whether they want to live together or not.”

Claiming victory on Sunday evening, Mr. de Wever said that it was too soon for independence, which he favors, for Flanders, the northern part of the country where 60 percent of the population lives. He promised to reach out to French speakers, even as he demanded radical reform of the federal state.

“Don’t be afraid,” he told Belgians. “Have faith in yourselves.”

Mr. de Wever, a 39-year-old political writer, said he would not seek the post of prime minister, which might frighten Francophones, but preferred to concentrate on negotiating “a deal” to reform the state and its finances.

Final results early Monday gave his New Flemish Alliance 27 of the 150 seats in Parliament, a gain of 19 seats, just ahead of the French Socialists, with 26 seats, a gain of six. The Flemish- and French-speaking voters elect different parties, but there is a Flemish Socialist Party as well.

In addition to Mr. de Wever’s party, which got nearly 30 percent of the vote, Flanders gave 12.5 percent of its vote to the far-right separatists of Vlaams Belang and about 4 percent to another populist party, meaning that nearly half of the Flemish electorate voted for separatists. Mr. de Wever’s success appeared to come at the expense of the Christian Democrats of the current prime minister and his Liberal allies.

In French-speaking Wallonia and the capital, Brussels, the French Socialists won about 36 percent of the vote. Their leader, Elio di Rupo, may be asked to become prime minister, which would make him the first Francophone prime minister since 1974.

Perhaps Mr. de Wever’s greatest success has been to make the cause of independence respectable. Other separatist parties like Vlaams Belang were identified with the extremist and xenophobic far-right, which limited their appeal.

By contrast Mr. de Wever is a mainstream politician who argues for the gradual, slow death of Belgium, rather than its immediate dismemberment. “We do not want a revolution,” he said in Brussels last week. “We do not want to declare Flanders independent overnight. But we do believe in a gradual evolution.”

Belgium’s 180-year history contains many of the seeds of today’s difficulties. French-speakers in Wallonia dominated the country for much of the last century. The resentments of Dutch speakers in Flanders, who remember being treated as second-class citizens, run deep. As Wallonia’s traditional industries like coal and steel have declined, the Flemish increasingly feel that they are subsidizing the less productive south.

The parallel political system, in which each region has its own parties, reinforces the divisions. Politicians on either side increasingly have little in common, but have to form a federal coalition anyway.

Though the Czech Republic and Slovakia managed a “velvet divorce” in 1993, such a feat would be more difficult for Belgium, which would have to find a solution for Brussels, a largely French-speaking city that is also the capital of Flanders. Brussels is home to the headquarters of the European Union and of NATO.

While the two regional governments have considerable autonomy, the Flemish parties want to decentralize authority over justice, health, social security, taxation and labor, while the poorer French speakers fear losing federal social security protections.

Few symbols of Belgian unity remain, other than the royal family, the cartoon character Tintin and Brussels itself. There is a national soccer team, but it did not qualify for the World Cup.

Stephen Castle reported from Brussels, and Steven Erlanger from Paris.

Enhanced by Zemanta

Children Carry Guns for a U.S. Ally, Somalia

Ed Ou/Reportage by Getty Images, for The New York Times

Mohamed Adan Ugas, left, a 12-year-old, and Ahmed Hassan, 15, work for the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia.

MOGADISHU, Somalia — Awil Salah Osman prowls the streets of this shattered city, looking like so many other boys, with ripped-up clothes, thin limbs and eyes eager for attention and affection.

But Awil is different in two notable ways: he is shouldering a fully automatic, fully loaded Kalashnikov assault rifle; and he is working for a military that is substantially armed and financed by the United States.

“You!” he shouts at a driver trying to sneak past his checkpoint, his cherubic face turning violently angry.

“You know what I’m doing here!” He shakes his gun menacingly. “Stop your car!”

The driver halts immediately. In Somalia, lives are lost quickly, and few want to take their chances with a moody 12-year-old.

It is well known that Somalia’s radical Islamist insurgents are plucking children off soccer fields and turning them into fighters. But Awil is not a rebel. He is working for Somalia’s Transitional Federal Government, a critical piece of the American counterterrorism strategy in the Horn of Africa.

According to Somali human rights groups and United Nations officials, the Somali government, which relies on assistance from the West to survive, is fielding hundreds of children or more on the front lines, some as young as 9.

Child soldiers are deployed across the globe, but according to the United Nations, the Somali government is among the “most persistent violators” of sending children into war, finding itself on a list with notorious rebel groups like the Lord’s Resistance Army.

Somali government officials concede that they have not done the proper vetting. Officials also revealed that the United States government was helping pay their soldiers, an arrangement American officials confirmed, raising the possibility that the wages for some of these child combatants may have come from American taxpayers.

United Nations officials say they have offered the Somali government specific plans to demobilize the children. But Somalia’s leaders, struggling for years to withstand the insurgents’ advances, have been paralyzed by bitter infighting and are so far unresponsive.

Several American officials also said that they were concerned about the use of child soldiers and that they were pushing their Somali counterparts to be more careful. But when asked how the American government could guarantee that American money was not being used to arm children, one of the officials said, “I don’t have a good answer for that.”

According to Unicef, only two countries have not ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which prohibits the use of soldiers younger than 15: the United States and Somalia.

Many human rights groups find this unacceptable, and President Obama himself, when this issue was raised during his campaign, did not disagree.

“It is embarrassing to find ourselves in the company of Somalia, a lawless land,” he said.

All across this lawless land, smooth, hairless faces peek out from behind enormous guns. In blown-out buildings, children chamber bullets twice the size of their fingers. In neighborhoods by the sea, they run checkpoints and face down four-by-four trucks, though they can barely see over the hood.

Somali government officials admit that in the rush to build a standing army, they did not discriminate.

“I’ll be honest,” said a Somali government official who spoke on the condition of anonymity because of the delicacy of the subject, “we were trying to find anyone who could carry a gun.”

Awil struggles to carry his. It weighs about 10 pounds. The strap digs into his bony shoulders, and he is constantly shifting it from one side to the other with a grimace.

Sometimes he gets a helping hand from his comrade Ahmed Hassan, who is 15. Ahmed said he was sent to Uganda more than two years ago for army training, when he was 12, though his claim could not be independently verified. American military advisers have been helping oversee the training of Somali government soldiers in Uganda.

“One of the things I learned,” Ahmed explained eagerly, “is how to kill with a knife.”

Children do not have many options in Somalia. After the government collapsed in 1991, an entire generation was let loose on the streets. Most children have never sat in a classroom or played in a park. Their bones have been stunted by conflict-induced famines, their psyches damaged by all the killings they have witnessed.

“What do I enjoy?” Awil asked. “I enjoy the gun.”

Like many other children here, the war has left him hard beyond his years. He loves cigarettes and is addicted to qat, a bitter leaf that, for the few hours he chews it each day, makes grim reality fade away.

He was abandoned by parents who fled to Yemen, he said, and joined a militia when he was about 7. He now lives with other government soldiers in a dive of a house littered with cigarette boxes and smelly clothes. Awil does not know exactly how old he is. His commander says he is around 12, but birth certificates are rare.

Awil gobbles down greasy rice with unwashed hands because he does not know where his next meal is coming from. He is paid about $1.50 a day, but only every now and then, like most soldiers. His bed is a fly-covered mattress that he shares with two other child soldiers, Ali Deeq, 10, and Abdulaziz, 13.

“He should be in school,” said Awil’s commander, Abdisalam Abdillahi. “But there is no school.”

Ali Sheikh Yassin, vice-chairman of Elman Peace and Human Rights Center in Mogadishu, said that about 20 percent of government troops (thought to number 5,000 to 10,000) were children and that about 80 percent of the rebels were. The leading insurgent group, which has drawn increasingly close to Al Qaeda, is called the Shabab, which means youth in Arabic.

“These kids can be so easily brainwashed,” Mr. Ali said. “They don’t even have to be paid.”

One of the myriad dangers Awil faces is constant gunfire between his squad and another group of government soldiers from a different clan. The Somali government is racked by divisions from the prime minister’s office down to the street.

“I’ve lost hope,” said Sheik Yusuf Mohamed Siad, a defense minister who abruptly quit in the past week, like several other ministers. “All this international training, it’s just training soldiers for the Shabab,” he added, saying defections had increased.

“Go ask the president what he’s accomplished in the past year,” Sheik Yusuf said, laughing. “Absolutely nothing.”

Advisers to President Sheik Sharif Sheik Ahmed say they have fine-tuned their plans for a coming offensive, making it more of a gradual military operation to slowly take the city back from the insurgents.

Awil is eager for action. His commanders say he has already proven himself fighting against the Shabab, who used to bully him in the market.

“That made me want to join the T.F.G.,” he said. “With them, I feel like I am amongst my brothers.”

Enhanced by Zemanta

Jun 13, 2010

For American Muslims, Choosing to Wear the Veil Poses Challenges

Katherine Clark-Fritz for The New York Times

Sarah Ahmed prays at the Islamic Center of New Mexico as her niece, Khadijah Leseman, 6, stays close. Ms. Ahmed, an American Muslim, began wearing the veil after 9/11. More Photos »

ALBUQUERQUE

HEBAH AHMED assessed the weather before she stepped out of her minivan. “It’s windy,” she said with a sigh, tucking a loose bit of hair into her scarf. Her younger sister, Sarah, watched out the window as dust devils danced across the parking lot. “Oh, great,” she said, “I’m going to look like the flying nun.”

Hebah, who is 32, and Sarah, 28, do wear religious attire, but of the Islamic sort: a loose outer garment called a jilbab; a khimar, a head covering that drapes to the fingertips; and a niqab, a scarf that covers most of the face. Before the shopping trip, they consulted by phone to make sure they didn’t wear the same color. “Otherwise, we start to look like a cult,” Sarah explained.

When Hebah yanked open the van’s door, the wind filled her loose-fitting garments like a sail. Her 6-year-old daughter, Khadijah Leseman, laughed. Hebah unloaded Khadijah and her 2-year-old son, Saulih, while struggling to hold her khimar and niqab in place.

The wind whipped Sarah’s navy-blue jilbab like a sheet on a clothesline as she wrangled a shopping cart. Her 3-year-old son, Eesa Soliman, stayed close at her side, lost in the billowing fabric.

Most people in the parking lot stopped to stare.

Description unavailableImage by (¯`·.¸¸.¤*¨¨*¤.๑۩۩۩๑Zeyneeep! via Flickr

If the sisters were aware that all eyes were on them, they gave no signs. In the supermarket, they ignored the curious glances in the produce section, the startled double takes by the baked goods and the scowls near the cereal. They glided along the aisles, stopping to compare prices on spaghetti sauce.

Two Hispanic children gasped and ran behind their mother. “Why are they dressed that way?” the girl asked her mother in Spanish. “Islam,” the woman said, also telling the child that the women were from Saudi Arabia.

Hebah, who is from Tennessee, smiled at the girl, but all that could be seen of her face were the lines around the eyes that signaled a grin. After nearly a decade under the veil, she and her sister know full well that they are a source of fascination — and many other reactions — to those around them.

Hebah said she has been kicked off planes by nervous flight attendants and shouted down in a Wal-Mart by angry shoppers who called her a terrorist. Her sister was threatened by a stranger in a picnic area who claimed he had killed a woman in Afghanistan “who looked just like” her. When she joined the Curves gym near her home in Edgewood, N.M., some members threatened to quit. “They said Islamists were taking over,” Ms. Ahmed said.

Her choice to become so identifiably Muslim even rattled her parents, immigrants from Egypt.

“I was more surprised than anything,” said her father, Mohamed Ahmed, who lives in Houston with her mother, Mervat Ahmed. He said he raised his daughters with a deep sense of pride about their Muslim background, but nevertheless did not expect them to wear a hijab, a head scarf, let alone a niqab.

Raised in what she described as a “minimally religious” household by parents who wore typical American clothes, Hebah used to think that women who wore a niqab were crazy, she said.

“It looked like they were suffocating,” she said. “I thought, ‘There’s no way God meant for us to walk around the earth that way, so why would anyone do that to themselves?’ ” Now many people ask that same question of her.

HEBAH AHMED (her first name is pronounced HIB-ah) was born in Chattanooga, raised in Nashville and Houston, and speaks with a slight drawl. She played basketball for her Catholic high school, earned a master’s in mechanical engineering and once worked in the Gulf of Mexico oilfields.

Hijab ( A facial veil )Image by khalilshah via Flickr

She is not a Muslim Everywoman; it is not a role she would ever claim for herself. Her story is hers alone. But she was willing to spend several days with a reporter to give an idea of what American life looks like from behind the veil, a garment that has become a powerful symbol of culture clash.

All that’s visible of Ms. Ahmed when she ventures into mixed company are her deep brown eyes, some faint freckles where the sun hits the top of her nose, and her hands. She used to leave the house in jeans and T-shirt (she still can, under her jilbab), but that all changed after the 9/11 attacks. It shook her deeply that the people who had committed the horrifying acts had identified themselves as Muslims.

“I just kept thinking ‘Why would they do this in the name of Islam?’ ” she said. “Does my religion really say to do those horrible things?”

So she read the Koran and other Islamic texts and began attending Friday prayers at her local Islamic Center. While she found nothing that justified the attacks, she did find meaning in prayers about strength, piety and resolve. She saw them as guideposts for navigating the world.

“I was really questioning my life’s purpose,” Ms. Ahmed said. “And everything about the bigger picture. I just wasn’t about me and my career anymore.”

She also reacted to a backlash against Islam and the news that many American Muslim women were not covering for fear of being targeted. “It was all so wrong,” she said. She took it upon herself to provide a positive example of her embattled faith, in a way that was hard to ignore.

So on Sept. 17, 2001, she wore a hijab into the laboratory where she worked, along with her business attire.

“A co-worker said, ‘You need to wrap a big ol’ American flag around your head so people know what side you’re on,’ ” Ms. Ahmed said. “From then on, they never let up.”

Three months later, she quit her job and started wearing a niqab, covering her face from view when in the presence of men other than her husband.

“I do this because I want to be closer to God, I want to please him and I want to live a modest lifestyle,” said Ms. Ahmed, who asked that her appearance without a veil not be described. “I want to be tested in that way. The niqab is a constant reminder to do the right thing. It’s God-consciousness in my face.”

But there were secular motivations, too. In her job, she worked with all-male teams on oil rigs and in labs.

“No matter how smart I was, I wasn’t getting the respect I wanted,” she said. “They still hit on me, made crude remarks and even smacked me on the butt a couple times.”

Wearing the niqab is “liberating,” she said. “They have to deal with my brain because I don’t give them any other choice.”

Her first run-in with public opinion came, ordinarily enough, while driving.

“A woman in the car next to me was waving, honking, motioning for me to roll down my window,” she said. “I tried to ignore her, but finally, we both had to stop at a light. I rolled down the window and braced myself. Then she said ‘Excuse me, your burqa is caught in your door.’ That broke the ice.”

Her sister Sarah started wearing a niqab around the same time, while completing her engineering degree at Rice University. The learning curve was steep; both sisters found they needed to carry straws for drinking in public, but eating was another story. Once Sarah forgot she was wearing a niqab and took a bite of an ice cream cone. “Humiliating,” she said, shaking her head.

Breathing wasn’t as difficult as they had imagined, but Hebah had a hard time contending with all the material around her.

“I kept losing things or leaving them behind,” she said. “But it’s like when you first put on high heels or a bra. It’s not the most comfortable thing, but there’s a purpose, and you believe that purpose outweighs the discomfort.”

WOMEN who cover totally, called niqabis, make up a tiny sliver of the estimated three million to seven million Muslims in the United States, yet they have come to embody much of what Westerners find foreign about Islam. Hidden under yards of cloth, they are the most visceral reminders of the differences between East and West, and an indisputable sign that Islam is weaving its way into American culture.

In France, President Nicolas Sarkozy is backing a bill to ban women from publicly wearing the niqab and its more conservative cousin, the burqa, which covers the wearer’s eyes with a mesh panel. Similar legislation is being considered in Canada and Belgium.

In the United States, there have been flashpoints: in 2006, Ginnnah Muhammad, a plaintiff in a small claims case in Detroit, refused the judge’s request to take off her niqab during court proceedings and so her case was thrown out. She later found herself in front of the Michigan Supreme Court, arguing for her right to wear the niqab in court. The high court upheld the judge’s action.

Ms. Muhammad and five other American niqabis were interviewed for this article, in addition to the Ahmed sisters. All of them made the decision to wear the niqab when they were single. And, although the Muslim faith does not require women to cover their faces, all believe the niqab gave them a bit of extra credit in the eyes of God. “The more clothes you wear, the closer you are to God,” Ms. Muhammad said.

Menahal Begawala, 28, was raised in Queens, the daughter of Indian immigrants. She began covering her face at age 19. “I suppose there is some part of me that wants to make a statement, ‘I am a Muslim,’ ” she said.

She is a former grade school teacher now living in Irving, Tex. “I think I blow perceptions because I speak English, I’m educated and it’s my choice to cover,” Ms. Begawala said.

Sarah Zitterman, who as a teenager was a blond California surfer, converted to Islam after living in Zanzibar as a student. In Africa, she felt more at peace with the call to prayer than she ever did at church back home in San Diego. Now 30 and the mother of three in Fresno, Calif., Ms. Zitterman said that being white and American has made her experience under the niqab a little easier.

“It’s less scary for others,” she said. “But the hardest is when kids are frightened. If there’s no men around, I’ll uncover and say ‘Hey, I’m just a mommy — see?’ ”

Most of the niqabis interviewed said that they have received almost as much criticism at their local mosques as at their local malls. Many Muslim Americans do not like being associated with the niqab, saying it gives non-Muslims the wrong idea about their faith.

“The idea of covering one’s face is challenging, even in our community,” said Edina Lekovic, communications director of the Muslim Public Affairs Council in Los Angeles. “For more-mainstream Muslims, the understanding is that you dress modestly and cover everything but your hands and your face. So for a woman to choose to wear niqab is above and beyond what the Koran calls for.”

SARAH and Hebah Ahmed live only a few miles apart in Albuquerque’s East Mountains — Hebah off a winding dirt road with her children and husband, Zayd Chad Leseman, an assistant professor at the University of New Mexico; Sarah in a rural geodesic dome with her son and husband, Yasser Soliman, an engineer with Intel.

Hebah and her husband, who is from Moline, Ill., met as graduate students at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. By the time they were married in 2003, he had converted to Islam and taken the first name Zayd. People were often confused by the sight of the couple, she said, because he looks like “a corn-fed, Midwestern guy, then he’s walking with this covered women who’s dark — they can tell from my eyes.” She laughed and added, “They must wonder where he bought me.”

Mr. Leseman supports his wife’s decision to wear the niqab. “I am proud of my wife’s conviction to her beliefs, but it took some adjustment being out in public with her, especially with all the stares and comments,” he said.

Once, he said, “we wanted to go to my sister’s softball game, and my mother said ‘Yeah, right! Hebah will have to stay in the van.’ People think because her face is covered that her feelings are, too.”

The sisters make the 30-minute drive to Albuquerque a few times a week to grocery shop, attend prayers at the Islamic Center of New Mexico and drink smoothies at Satellite Coffee. The trunk of Hebah’s car is filled with pamphlets on Islam, English translations of the Koran and granola bars for her children.

When it comes to dealing with the public, she is a niqabi ambassador, friendly and outgoing. “I look at those run-ins with people as an opportunity to explain who I am and maybe shed some light on Islam,” Hebah said. “If they knew me or more about my faith, I’m sure they would think differently.”

She is used to explaining that a niqab is not a burqa and that no, she doesn’t wear it at home. In an all-female setting like Curves, one would not be able to identify a niqabi among the other women in workout gear. It does get hot under the jilbab, but as Sarah explained, it is “sort of like a self-contained air-conditioning unit that circulates cool air.”

Hebah has grown so used to her attire, she often forgets she has it on. “Sometimes I’ll pass a guy who’s looking at me, and I’m like ‘Is he checking me out?’” she said. “Then I’ll catch a glimpse of myself in a window and it’s like, ‘Uh, hello, Hebah — no.’ ”

WHILE driving on Interstate 40, heading home, Ms. Ahmed wedged her cellphone between her khimar and ear, then joked, “Look, a hands-free device.” Sarah rolled her eyes.

There are many types of niqabs, Hebah explained, pulling at least a half-dozen out of her closet. Pushing aside her worn copy of “Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus,” she made room for them on the bed.

Her niqabs were made by a seamstress in Egypt whom she met while visiting extended family, but many American niqabis buy their garments online. “You can’t get them here,” Hebah said. “I mean, the ones at the back of our local halal store — hideous.”

As she rummaged through her scarves, Khadijah tied one around her waist and twirled like a ballerina. Muslim women who cover usually wait until puberty to conceal their hair and bodies in public, but Khadijah likes to wear a hijab for dress-up — especially the pink one with sparkles.

Hebah said she wanted Khadijah “to be a confident female who is not victimized or abused.” She explained: “For me, the best way to do that is to do what I’m doing, and not just because Mama told her to, but because of her conviction. At the end of the day, she has to stand in front of God alone.”

When reminded that hers is a rocky path, and it would likely be the same for her daughter, Ms. Ahmed paused, then began to cry.

“People don’t understand,” she said, wiping a tear with the edge of her sleeve. “We’re really strong, but it takes a toll on you. Sometimes you think, ‘I just want to rest.’ ”

Sarah, helping her sister out, said: “We think of paradise at that point. Heaven is where we’re supposed to rest. That’s what gets us through.”

Enhanced by Zemanta